最近，傳說(shuō)中“別人家的孩子”、超級(jí)學(xué)霸Sophia Chua-Rubenfeld的一篇名為“如何像哈佛學(xué)生一樣學(xué)習(xí)”的博客文章火爆國(guó)外社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
你可能還不知道這位本科畢業(yè)于哈佛、研究生畢業(yè)于耶魯?shù)腟ophia小姐姐，但是提起她的母親你一定熟悉，就是那位令美國(guó)人聞風(fēng)喪膽、中國(guó)人感同身受的“虎媽”——蔡美兒女士（Amy Chua）。
想當(dāng)年，美國(guó)老百姓對(duì)于蔡女士的討論已經(jīng)達(dá)到1957年蘇聯(lián)搶在美國(guó)之前發(fā)射第一顆人造衛(wèi)星的高度。
“虎媽”蔡美兒（左）和Sophia（右）
她甚至在2011年被美國(guó)《時(shí)代》周刊選入全球最具影響力人物100強(qiáng)。
《時(shí)代》周刊是這樣評(píng)價(jià)蔡美兒給整個(gè)美國(guó)帶來(lái)的“沖擊”的：
Amy Chua, 48, started a firestorm when she published her memoir, Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother. When an entire nation reacts so strongly to something, you know you have hit a nerve. And Amy did. She hit us where it hurts, questioning our parenting, our kids' educational achievement and our nation's ability to compete globally in today's world.
48歲蔡美兒寫的《虎媽戰(zhàn)歌》帶來(lái)了一場(chǎng)火焰風(fēng)暴。當(dāng)一個(gè)國(guó)家舉國(guó)對(duì)一件事情反應(yīng)強(qiáng)烈時(shí)，你就會(huì)知道，這件事情觸及了他們的神經(jīng)。蔡美兒做到了，她戳到了我們的痛處。她質(zhì)疑我們養(yǎng)育孩子的方式，質(zhì)疑我們的孩子的學(xué)術(shù)成就，質(zhì)疑今天我國(guó)是否有能力與別的國(guó)家競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。
虎媽蔡美兒
蔡女士于2011年出版《虎媽戰(zhàn)歌》（Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother），書中紀(jì)錄了一位典型中國(guó)式老母親對(duì)于兩個(gè)女兒（姐姐Sophia和妹妹Lulu）的嚴(yán)厲管教。蔡美兒曾獲哈佛大學(xué)文學(xué)學(xué)士、法學(xué)博士，又身為耶魯大學(xué)法學(xué)院終身教授，她容不得女兒們有半點(diǎn)懈怠。
她為姐妹倆制定十條家規(guī)，自稱“采用咒罵、威脅、賄賂、利誘等種種高壓手段，要求孩子沿著父母為其選擇的道路努力”。
學(xué)霸Sophia的童年時(shí)光被母親安排得無(wú)比緊湊，她18個(gè)月認(rèn)字母表，3歲閱讀《小婦人》并開始學(xué)鋼琴，14歲在卡耐基音樂大廳演奏。
蔡美兒在監(jiān)督女兒彈琴
她曾在一次數(shù)學(xué)考試中輸給韓國(guó)小朋友，屈居第二。然而蔡女士詞典里怎能容得下第二，當(dāng)晚蔡美兒命女兒每晚做試卷20張，張張100道速算，蔡女士則在一旁掐秒表計(jì)時(shí)。經(jīng)一周強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練，Sophia次次考試穩(wěn)拿第一。
在Sophia不聽話時(shí)，母親還會(huì)罵她“垃圾”，因?yàn)椴膛孔约盒r(shí)候就是被父親這么罵大的。
蔡美兒還曾拒絕兩個(gè)女兒親手為她制作的生日卡片，因?yàn)樗X得做得太粗糙了根本沒有用心，并對(duì)姐妹倆說(shuō)：“我值得比這更好的禮物”。
蔡美兒一家
參加沒意義的同學(xué)聚會(huì)？想都不要想。
蔡女士覺得時(shí)間超寶貴，浪費(fèi)在無(wú)腦聚會(huì)上簡(jiǎn)直愚蠢。有一次Sohpia想要參加最好朋友的生日聚會(huì)，蔡美兒心一軟就答應(yīng)了，之后無(wú)比后悔，因?yàn)镾ophia第二天一到家就無(wú)心練琴。蔡女士一打聽才知道女兒一整晚都在聽一位同學(xué)談?wù)搶?duì)性的神秘嘗試。
一向崇尚開放、鼓勵(lì)式教育的美國(guó)人讀罷此書覺得蔡女士簡(jiǎn)直喪心病狂，心疼地說(shuō)Sophia和她的妹妹Lulu是“世界上受虐最多的孩子”，并預(yù)言她們長(zhǎng)大后一定會(huì)有心理疾病，性格冷酷而呆板，有一天甚至?xí)詺ⅰ?/p>
如今，那些唱衰的群眾估計(jì)要啪啪打臉了。本科畢業(yè)于哈佛的Sophia又剛剛從耶魯?shù)姆▽W(xué)研究生院畢業(yè)。她還加入美國(guó)軍法部隊(duì)，成了一名二級(jí)少尉。她將會(huì)在華盛頓巡回法院任職一年，這之后，還會(huì)為部隊(duì)效力三年。妹妹Lulu也從將從哈佛大學(xué)藝術(shù)歷史系畢業(yè)，她決定前往紐約工作一年再去研究生院深造。
性格冷酷而呆板？似乎并沒有。Sophia聰明開朗、努力認(rèn)真，而她的大學(xué)生活過(guò)得豐富多彩，經(jīng)常受邀去參加朋友們的各種派對(duì)。
人們猜想成年后的Sophia在終有一天掙脫母親的“魔爪”后會(huì)與母親疏離，然而事實(shí)并非如此。《紐約郵報(bào)》發(fā)表了Sophia寫給母親的信，信中Sophia表達(dá)了對(duì)媽媽的愛與感謝。
在她看來(lái)，世人誤解了媽媽蔡美兒。媽媽在養(yǎng)育她們的過(guò)程中教會(huì)了她們?nèi)绾为?dú)立思考，更重要的是教會(huì)了她們?nèi)绾纹幢M全力、用力地生活。
這份拼勁全力會(huì)讓她坦然面對(duì)命運(yùn)拋給她的一切題目，即使明天就會(huì)面對(duì)死亡，她也會(huì)覺得自己曾經(jīng)110%地活著。
她寫道：
I admit it: Having you as a mother was no tea party. But now that I’m 18 and about to leave the tiger den, I’m glad you and Daddy raised me the way you did.
我承認(rèn)，有你做我的媽媽絕不是件輕松的事。但是現(xiàn)在我18歲了，將要離開“虎穴”面對(duì)世界。我很高興你和爸爸用你們的方式養(yǎng)育了我。
A lot of people have accused you of producing robot kids who can’t think for themselves. At any rate, I was thinking about this, and I came to the opposite conclusion: I think your strict parenting forced me to be more independent.
很多人控訴你，說(shuō)你像制造機(jī)器人一樣養(yǎng)育你的孩子，她們不會(huì)有獨(dú)立思考的能力的。我也一直在思考這個(gè)問(wèn)題，而我的結(jié)論與大家相反，我覺得你的嚴(yán)苛反而讓我更加獨(dú)立。
對(duì)于賀卡事件Sophia也做了回應(yīng)：
Everybody’s talking about the birthday cards we once made for you, which you rejected because they weren’t good enough. Funny how some people are convinced that Lulu and I are scarred for life. Maybe if I had poured my heart into it, I would have been upset. But let’s face it: The card was feeble, and I was busted. It took me 30 seconds; I didn’t even sharpen the pencil. That’s why, when you rejected it, I didn’t feel you were rejecting me. If I actually tried my best at something, you’d never throw it back in my face.
很多人對(duì)于你因?yàn)槲覀兊馁R卡不夠好，就將其拒絕的事不能釋懷。有趣的是，他們竟認(rèn)為我們會(huì)因此永遠(yuǎn)留下心理陰影。如果我真的用心做了那張卡片，我或許會(huì)失落。但事實(shí)是，那張卡片確實(shí)很爛，我的不用心被你發(fā)現(xiàn)了。我只花了30秒做那張卡片，甚至連鉛筆都沒削。這也是為什么，當(dāng)你拒絕這張卡片時(shí)，我知道你并不是在拒絕我。如果我真的盡力去做了，你是絕對(duì)不會(huì)把它甩在我臉上的。
I remember walking on stage for a piano competition. I was so nervous, and you whispered, “Soso, you worked as hard as you could. It doesn’t matter how you do.”
我還記得在鋼琴比賽登臺(tái)之前，我緊張得不行，你就在我耳邊跟我說(shuō)，“Soso，你已經(jīng)盡了最大的努力了，這次彈得怎樣都沒關(guān)系。”
Sophia說(shuō)，母親教會(huì)了自己，只有在體驗(yàn)過(guò)超越身心的極限后，才能坦然面對(duì)一切。
There’s one more thing: I think the desire to live a meaningful life is universal. To some people, it’s working toward a goal. To others, it’s enjoying every minute of every day. So what does it really mean to live life to the fullest? Maybe striving to win a Nobel Prize and going skydiving are just two sides of the same coin.
還有一件事，我覺得世上的人都想擁有有意義的一生。對(duì)有些人來(lái)說(shuō)，這意味著朝著一個(gè)目標(biāo)努力，對(duì)有些人來(lái)說(shuō)，則是開心過(guò)好每一天每一秒。所以怎樣才是真正地好好活著？可能努力贏得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)和挑戰(zhàn)跳傘只是一個(gè)硬幣的兩面。
To me, it’s not about achievement or self-gratification. It’s about knowing that you’ve pushed yourself, body and mind, to the limits of your own potential. You feel it when you encounter a life-changing idea, and when you do something on your own that you never thought you could. If I died tomorrow, I would die feeling I’ve lived my whole life at 110 percent.
對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，好好活著不僅是取得成就或自我滿足，而是知道自己的身體、心智都已拼盡全力、用盡潛力。你會(huì)在改變命運(yùn)的時(shí)刻，在你完成自己都不相信能完成的任務(wù)時(shí)體會(huì)到這種感覺。如果我明天死去，我也會(huì)覺得我曾經(jīng)110%地活著。
回到文章開頭說(shuō)的那篇學(xué)習(xí)攻略，這是Sophia在博客上發(fā)表的一篇博文。不少網(wǎng)友看后感嘆，原來(lái)一直以來(lái)自己的學(xué)習(xí)方法都是錯(cuò)的……
現(xiàn)在，就讓我們來(lái)看看這位學(xué)霸姐姐火遍社交媒體的學(xué)習(xí)攻略吧：
How to Study Like a Harvard Student
如何像一個(gè)哈佛學(xué)生一樣學(xué)習(xí)
? Preliminary Steps
預(yù)備步驟
1. Choose classes that interest you. That way studying doesn’t feel like slave labor. If you don’t want to learn, then I can’t help you.
選擇你喜歡的課程，這樣你的學(xué)習(xí)就不會(huì)像服苦役一樣。如果你不想學(xué)，那我也幫不了你。
2. Make some friends. See steps 12, 13, 23, 24.
交一些朋友，詳見步驟12、13、23、24。
? General Principles
總則
3. Study less, but study better.
少學(xué)，但學(xué)得高效。
4. Avoid "autopilot" brain at all costs.
千萬(wàn)不要讓你的大腦天馬行空“自動(dòng)駕駛”。
5. Vague is bad. Vague is a waste of your time.
含糊不明是不好的，含糊不明浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
6. Write it down.
該寫的寫下來(lái)。
7. Suck it up, buckle down, get it done.
咬牙挺住，全力以赴，完成學(xué)業(yè)。
? Plan of Attack Phase I: Class
學(xué)習(xí)攻略，第一階段：課堂
8. Show up. Everything will make a lot more sense that way, and you will save yourself a lot of time in the long run.
請(qǐng)去上課。這樣的話很多事情都會(huì)容易很多，到頭來(lái)你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己其實(shí)節(jié)省了時(shí)間。
9. Take notes by hand. I don’t know the science behind it, but doing anything by hand is a way of carving it into your memory. Also, if you get bored you will doodle, which is still a thousand times better than ending up on Stumbleupon or something.
手寫記筆記。我不知道其中的科學(xué)奧秘，但是手寫記錄是讓知識(shí)刻進(jìn)大腦的一種方式。而且如果你學(xué)煩了，就會(huì)自己在紙上亂畫，這也比你學(xué)著學(xué)著就開始刷社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)要強(qiáng)很多。
? Phase II: Study Time
第二部分：學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間
10. Get out of the library. The sheer fact of being in a library doesn’t fill you with knowledge. Eight hours of Facebooking in the library is still eight hours of Facebooking. Also, people who bring food and blankets to the library and just stay there during finals week start to smell weird. Go home and bathe. You can quiz yourself while you wash your hair.
別迷信圖書館。赤裸裸的現(xiàn)實(shí)就是如果你不想學(xué)，呆在圖書館里你也不會(huì)學(xué)的。在圖書館刷了八小時(shí)臉書還是刷了八小時(shí)臉書。而且那些在考試周把食物和毯子帶去圖書館過(guò)夜的人，結(jié)果只會(huì)讓自己聞起來(lái)怪怪的。回家洗個(gè)澡，你可以在洗澡的時(shí)候自己考自己。
11. Do a little every day, but don’t let it be your whole day. “This afternoon, I will read a chapter of something and do half a problem set. Then, I will watch an episode of South Park and go to the gym” always beats “Starting right now, I am going to read as much as I possibly can…oh wow, now it’s midnight, I’m on page five, and my room reeks of ramen and dysfunction.”
每天完成一個(gè)小任務(wù)，但是別讓這個(gè)任務(wù)占滿你的一天。“今天下午，我只讀一個(gè)章節(jié)，然后完成半頁(yè)問(wèn)題。然后我去看一集《南方公園》，再去健身房。”這永遠(yuǎn)比下面這種情況高效：“從現(xiàn)在開始，我要使勁學(xué)習(xí)，能學(xué)多少學(xué)多少……哦我的天已經(jīng)深夜了，我才看到第五頁(yè)，我的房間里都是泡面的怪味兒。”
12. Give yourself incentive. There’s nothing worse than a gaping abyss of study time. If you know you’re going out in six hours, you’re more likely to get something done.
給自己一些激勵(lì)。沒有啥比落入苦學(xué)的無(wú)底深淵更糟糕了，如果你知道6個(gè)小時(shí)后就能出去玩，你就有可能更快完成功課。
13. Allow friends to confiscate your phone when they catch you playing Angry Birds. Oh and if you think you need a break, you probably don’t.
如果被朋友撞見你在玩游戲，允許他們沒收你的手機(jī)。對(duì)了，如果你覺得需要歇會(huì)兒了，其實(shí)你并不需要。
? Phase III: Assignments
第三階段：作業(yè)
14. Stop highlighting. Underlining is supposed to keep you focused, but it’s actually a one-way ticket to Autopilot Brain. You zone out, look down, and suddenly you have five pages of neon green that you don’t remember reading. Write notes in the margins instead.
別用馬克筆劃重點(diǎn)了。把重點(diǎn)畫下來(lái)也許是為了讓自己更專注，但這有時(shí)候是縱容大腦開啟自動(dòng)駕駛模式。你在那里畫啊畫啊，然后你發(fā)現(xiàn)你畫綠了5頁(yè)書，什么也沒看進(jìn)腦子里。不如在書的空白處記筆記吧。
15. Do all your own work. You get nothing out of copying a problem set. It’s also shady.
所有功課自己完成。抄作業(yè)什么用也沒有，還挺不光彩的。
16. Read as much as you can. No way around it. Stop trying to cheat with Sparknotes.
盡量去看書，沒有捷徑。別再用文學(xué)指南網(wǎng)站來(lái)假裝自己看過(guò)書了。
17. Be a smart reader, not a robot (lol). Ask yourself: What is the author trying to prove? What is the logical progression of the argument? You can usually answer these questions by reading the introduction and conclusion of every chapter. Then, pick any two examples/anecdotes and commit them to memory (write them down). They will help you reconstruct the author’s argument later on.
做一個(gè)聰明的讀者，而不是機(jī)器人。問(wèn)問(wèn)自己：作者究竟想要證明什么？他論證的邏輯脈絡(luò)是什么？你可以從每章的開篇介紹及結(jié)論部分找到答案。然后找一兩個(gè)例子記下來(lái)（寫下來(lái)），日后它們會(huì)幫你重新構(gòu)建作者的觀點(diǎn)。
18. Don’t read everything, but understand everything that you read. Better to have a deep understanding of a limited amount of material, than to have a vague understanding of an entire course. Once again: Vague is bad. Vague is a waste of your time.
不要想著讀遍所有的書，但是要理解你讀的每一本書。深刻理解有限的資料比模糊理解所有資料要好得多。再說(shuō)一遍， 模棱兩可是很不好的，模棱兩可就是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
19. Bullet points. For essays, summarizing, everything.
列出要點(diǎn)。用這種方式去寫論文，寫總結(jié)，做任何事情。
? Phase IV: Reading Period (Review Week)
第四階段：閱讀（復(fù)習(xí)周）
20. Once again: do not move into the library. Eat, sleep, and bathe.
再說(shuō)一遍，別住進(jìn)圖書館。要吃，要睡，要洗澡。
21. If you don’t understand it, it will definitely be on the exam. Solution: textbooks; the internet.
如果這個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)你不會(huì)，那它就一定會(huì)被考到。解決辦法就是，回去看教材， 上網(wǎng)查資料。
22. Do all the practice problems. This one is totally tiger mom.
一道練習(xí)題都不要放過(guò)，這是虎媽教的。
23. People are often contemptuous of rote learning. Newsflash: even at great intellectual bastions like Harvard, you will be required to memorize formulas, names and dates. To memorize effectively: stop reading your list over and over again. It doesn’t work. Say it out loud, write it down. Remember how you made friends? Have them quiz you, then return the favor.
人們總是輕視死記硬背。 但是你知道嗎，即便在哈佛這種聰明人云集的地方，你還是會(huì)被要求背誦公式、人名、日期。怎樣背誦才能更有效呢？別把你要背的東西反復(fù)看來(lái)看去了，沒用的。要大聲念出來(lái)，寫下來(lái)。還記得你交的朋友嗎？讓他們考考你，你也考考他們。
24. Again with the friends: ask them to listen while you explain a difficult concept to them. This forces you to articulate your understanding. Remember, vague is bad.
還是和朋友有關(guān)的建議，你可以讓他們聽你解釋一個(gè)很難的概念，這會(huì)逼著你清楚表達(dá)你所理解的知識(shí)。記得我說(shuō)的嗎，模棱兩可是很不好的。
25. Go for the big picture. Try to figure out where a specific concept fits into the course as a whole. This will help you tap into Big Themes – every class has Big Themes – which will streamline what you need to know. You can learn a million facts, but until you understand how they fit together, you’re missing the point.
掌握宏觀的知識(shí)脈絡(luò)。弄明白一個(gè)具體概念是在你所學(xué)的知識(shí)的哪一部分，這會(huì)幫你掌握一個(gè)大理論，而每一門課都會(huì)有一個(gè)大理論，它會(huì)幫你串起所有的知識(shí)點(diǎn)。你會(huì)學(xué)到無(wú)數(shù)個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)，但是只有當(dāng)你把知識(shí)點(diǎn)都串起來(lái)了，你才不會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)要點(diǎn)。
? Phase V: Exam Day
第五階段：考試
26. Crush exam. Get A.
完爆試卷，考個(gè)A！
（來(lái)源：中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)雙語(yǔ)新聞編輯部）
